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Cylinder Heat
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LP gas is a camper's best friend. It provides us with warmth on a chilly day, hot water to shower with, cold food in the fridge and the capability to cook on the road the same way you do when you're at home. When we need it it's there, instantly providing us with all of the amenities and creature comforts we are accustomed to. We don't really even think about it, it's taken for granted that when you push that button, almost like magic it responds to your demands.

But what is LP gas? Should we be afraid of it, or just continue to take it for granted? Liquid propane, more commonly known as LP gas gets its name because it is stored in a liquid state. When LP gas is manufactured it is compressed and stored under pressure, which causes it to liquefy. When the pressure is released the liquid turns back into a vapor. LP gas is odorless, colorless and tasteless. To assist you in detecting a leak an odorant is added to it when it is manufactured. If you are not familiar with the odor of LP gas, the next time you go to a qualified fill station ask the attendant to let you smell it. Most people describe the smell as being similar to rotten eggs, or as having a garlic odor.

We'll get back to more characteristics of LP gas in a minute, but first let's address the second question. Should you be afraid of it? You should respect LP gas, because all gases have dangerous characteristics. If you check for gas leaks using an open flame you are certain to be in danger. I guess what I am trying to say is that LP gas is one of the safest of petroleum products if it is handled properly. More times than not, when there is an accident involving LP gas it is due to negligence or improper handling.

LP gas is portable, safe when handled properly and it's very efficient, so it only makes sense that it is used in RVs. I mentioned a moment ago that LP gas is compressed in a liquid state and stored in containers. Because of the amount of pressure involved the containers are manufactured under very stringent codes. There are two basic types of containers, Department of Transportation (DOT), and American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). The DOT containers, more commonly called cylinders are the upright type that you see on Pop Up's, travel trailers, or your BBQ grill. The ASME cylinders are referred to as tanks and are mounted horizontally like the type you would see on a motor home.

Regardless of the type, all LP gas containers are only filled to 80 percent of their capacity to allow for expansion when the temperature around the container rises. LP gas cylinders are equipped with Overfill Protection Devices or OPD valves to prevent them from being overfilled.

LP gas can be measured in weight or in gallons. You may have heard somebody say that the gas cylinders on their travel trailer are 30 lb. cylinders, or they may say their cylinders hold 7 gallons apiece. One gallon of LP gas weighs 4.26 pounds. The typical BBQ grill uses a 20 lb. cylinder, so at 80 percent full it would hold 3.75 gallons of LP gas.

When you open the valve to the gas cylinder the liquid gas turns back into a vapor and goes into a two stage regulator. In the first stage the pressure coming out of the cylinder is reduced significantly close to the proper burning range for the LP gas appliances. The second stage reduces it to the required 11 inches of water column needed to run the appliances properly.

There is also an LP gas leak detector inside the RV that will set off an alarm to alert you if there is a gas leak. It's normally located close to floor level because LP gas is heavier than air and it will settle towards the floor. If you ever smell LP gas when you're camping, or if the LP gas leak detector goes off you could have a leak somewhere in the system. If this happens you should:

*Extinguish any open flames, pilot lights and do not smoke, or touch electrical switches.

*Evacuate the RV and turn off the main gas supply valve.

Leave the door open and do not return to the area until the odor clears.

*Have the system checked out by a qualified technician before using it again.

*False alarms can be caused by hair spray, perfume, cleaning solvents and low battery voltage.

Let's take a moment and discuss some dos and don'ts concerning LP gas.

*Do remember to turn the main gas supply on when you're ready to use a gas appliance.

*Do have the system checked if you suspect a leak, disturb the gas system, or at least once annually.

*Do take the proper steps to safely transport, store and use LP gas cylinders.

*Do review all cautions and warnings on the LP gas system and appliances in your owner's manual.

*Do not use an open flame to check for leaks.

*Do not use the range burners or oven as a source of heat; it is not vented outside and depleted oxygen can cause asphyxiation.

*Do not go to a gas station to refuel unless you extinguish any open flames and, or pilot lights and turn LP gas appliances off.

*Do not transport LP gas cylinders inside a vehicle.

*Do not be afraid of LP gas, but do respect it and handle it properly.

Happy Camping!

Copyright 2006 by Mark J. Polk, owner of RV Education 101

RV Expert Mark Polk, seen on TV, is the producer & host of America's most highly regarded series of DVD's, videos, books, and e-books. Sign up for your free "RV Education 101" Newsletter rveducation101.com/email/ Mark Polk is a retired U.S. Army Chief Warrant Officer Three, specializing in wheeled and track vehicle fleet maintenance operations. Polk owns and operates RV Education 101, (based in North Carolina) since 1999, and also has an extensive RV background working in RV service, sales and management. Polk has a degree in Industrial Management Technology with 30 plus years of experience in maintenance includes working as an RV technician, a wheeled vehicle and power generation mechanic, an automotive maintenance technician, Battalion and Brigade level Maintenance Officer, an RV sales manager and also in the RV financing department as the Finance & Insurance manager. www.rveducation101.com/

How a New Boiler Can Save you More Than a Third Off your Heating Bill, and What to Look Out for

If you live in a climate with cold winters, your central heating boiler is by far the most energy-hungry appliance in the house. A boiler in the average UK home burns over £500 worth a gas each year, and is responsible for emitting almost 4 tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. As high energy prices hit householders in the pocket, and more and more people are becoming concerned about Climate Change (caused by the burning of fossil fuels like gas), many people are finding that it makes sense to install a new boiler.

Older boilers waste heat and money every time they fire up. This is because a lot of the heat that is generated from burning the gas is lost up the chimney or flue. Modern boilers are much more efficient because they recover and recycle a lot of this heat, and so need to use less gas. This can save you up to 40% or £200 a year off the average UK gas bill.

The most efficient type of boiler is a Condensing Boiler, which now achieves almost 90% efficiency on the fuel it burns, far higher than older boilers. They normally cost a bit more than other types of boiler up front, but save a lot of money in the long run because you spend less on fuel. The most common alternative is called a Combination Boiler, which activates on demand, which means less wasted energy and no need for water tanks or cylinders. Although not as energy efficient (at 75% efficiency) or cost efficient as the condensing boiler, combination boilers do require less of an upfront investment. Most organizations recommend that people choose a condensing boiler, and indeed building regulations in some countries now make this obligatory.

How do you know if you would benefit from a new boiler? If your boiler is old, especially if it is 10 years or older, a new boiler could well make great sense. But you don’t need to try to work this out yourself. Many large, reputable heating companies offer free, no obligation boiler and heating surveys, and they can tell you how much you will save and exactly how much the installation of a new boiler will cost. You can easily sign up for a survey on-line, through a web-site such as Downwithco2.co.uk.

Before you finally choose your new boiler you should think about a few things:

- How big a boiler do you need? How much hot water can satisfy the needs of your household?

- Even though condensing boilers are the most expensive, they are more efficient than other boiler types and in the long term, could save you the most money.

- What will the boiler be used for? Will it be used for space heating, or just hot water?

- What type of fuel do you have available? Wood, Natural Gas, Fuel oil?

- After the boiler has been installed, who will take care of it? Many companies offer maintenance contracts, and often these are a good idea.

When thinking about a new boiler, you should always make sure you are dealing with a reputable and qualified firm. Installers should be registered with an official organisation. This is especially true with gas boilers; in the UK you should always make sure your gas boiler installer is ‘CORGI’ registered.

In some countries like the UK, a new boiler can make even more financial sense because the government subsidises their installation, in order to promote energy efficiency. Your installer should be able to tell you about these subsidies, which apply to almost everyone in the UK, especially older people who qualify for even more money off a new boiler.

Finally, if you want to save energy and money off your heating bills, you should also think about having your home properly insulated if you haven’t already. This is now very good value, and pays back the up-front investment in under 2 years. Further information can be found at downwithco2.co.uk

About the Author

Alex Perry is a founder of DownwithCO2.co.uk, which helps people save energy, save money and reduce CO2 through providing information and contacts.

Mass of 15kg of air in a piston cylinder is heated from 25 celsius to 77 celsius by passing current through...

a resistance heater inside the cylinder. The pressure inside the cylinder is held constant at 300 kPa during the process and a heat loss of 60 kJ occurs. What is the electric energy supplied in kWh.

If mass and pressure are held constant, (volume changing) it is the temperature difference time the specific heat of air.
Subtract the losses and that will get you no where, you want the input, which is 3.412 times the watts consumed then convert to kJ

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