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Back pain is the 2nd most common reason to visit the doctor's office, with upper respiratory infections being the most common. 80 percent of people have back pain at some point in their lives, and over 50 percent of the population has low back pain each year!

The fact that the low back is very susceptible to pain and injury is no mystery. Similar to the neck, the low back is a fragile part of the spine, that has no other support or stability associated with it like the rib cage of the thoracic spine. This instability allows us a great range of motion, but can be at the cost of frequent injury if it is not routinely treated by a chiropractor.

The low back can withstand tremendous forces as long as it stays healthy and functioning properly. It supports more than half of your body weight at any given moment, and it increases dramatically with movement and exercise. For example, professional powerlifters can lift several hundred pounds off the floor without causing injury to their low backs. However, if their low backs were out of alignment or has significant muscle imbalances, then activities such as bending over to pick something off the floor can cause low back pain and injury.

Until recently, researchers believed that back pain would heal on its own. However, recent studies show that this is not true. The studies revealed that most back pain that is left untreated, may dissipate temporarily, but will most likely return on a later day, and often times worse than before. It is very important to not leave low back pain untreated and seek professional chiropractic care to treat and correct the true cause of the pain.

The Causes of Low Back Pain

There are many different causes of low back, and conditions that can result in low back pain. The majority include: Sprained lumbar ligaments, strained lumbar muscles and tissues, disc bulges and herniations, inflammation of the joints, subluxations, arthritis, and other referral pain sources such as kidney infections. Each one of these, if left untreated can cause further pain, arthritis, and overall increased pressure on the very fragile nervous system. Chiropractors are experts in diagnosis and treatment of the spine. They will determine whether or not the case can be treated by chiropractic care or if a referral to another physician is needed.

Subluxations

Subluxations refer to a misalignment of the moveable vertebrae in the spine in any direction that can create an impingement on the nervous system. These subluxations can manifest as shooting pain all the way down the leg, as well as a localized dull ache, and even asymptomatic. Subluxations can be caused by a variety of activities, as well as inactivity. Sleeping wrong, twisting, bending, running, jumping, and poor posture can all be causes of subluxation. Fortunately, subluxations very treatable by a chiropractor and often times can cause a significant reduction in pain immediately after the treatment.

Disc Herniations

Disc herniations do not automatically mean that you will suffer from low back pain for the rest of you life, nor do they mean that you have to have surgery in order to get relief. In fact, a study found that almost 50 percent of the adult population has at least one bulging or herniated disc even if they are not experiencing symptoms of it. On the other hand, some disc herniations can cause crippling pain and intense radiation to other parts of your body. Unfortunately, when a disc herniates, it rarely heals completely. However, further deterioration can occur rapidly if the condition is not treated. Chiropractic care can often prevent further deterioration of disc herniations, and often provide great relief in low back pain and referral pain caused by the disc.

Sprains, Strains and Spasms These can all be caused by a variety of events, but are usually caused by the overexertion of a regularly inactive person. These people push themselves way too hard without being in the proper condition for such activities. These people are the ones laying flat on their back counting down the hours until they can see their chiropractor.

By treating any underlying misalignment, and with a combination of therapies and rehab, these conditions can be easily treated, but might require a change in lifestyle to prevent such events from occurring in the future.

Chiropractic treatment for low back pain is usually pretty straightforward, but depends greatly on the condition. Chiropractic treatment for low back pain has repeatedly shown to be the most effective way to treat low back pain. This not only treats and minimizes the pain, but it allows a fully functioning spine and healthy nervous system with no more spinal impingement. In addition to chiropractic being the most effective treatment for back pain, it has also shown to be the cheapest, and best long term outcomes than any other treatment!

Bozeman, MT Chiropractor

Dustin Rising, D.C.
626 S. Ferguson Ave. Suite 4
Bozeman, MT 59718
406-551-2177
Bozeman Chiropractor

Using Disc Image for Disc Replication

Remember the transporter of the StarTrek? Captain Kirk and his team could beam themselves to any place without the need of driving a spaceship. Although this process of dematerialization and rematerialization was a fictional concept, we find it very useful in transporting a disc; be the disc a CD or DVD.

Similar to the transporter of the StarTrek, our goal is to make an exact replica of the disc from point A to point B without the need of physically sending it. Disc image makes this possible. At point A one puts the disc into a disc drive, with the help of software the disc drive reads the content of the disc and the software packages the content with the instructions on how to re-construct the disc. The result of this process is a computer file called disc image which can be sent to point B via the Internet. At point B when the disc image is received and with the help of the same or compatible software, a disc can be created by the software following the instruction stored in the disc image.

In StarTrek they used the term “transporter accident” to describe the case when a person or object was not rematerialized correctly. In the case of disc imaging, let’s define transporter accident as the case when the reconstructed disc is not exactly the same as the source disc. It is the purpose of this article to explain how to use disc image correctly to avoid transporter accidents.

Disc image transporter accidents occur in three ways, i.e. during construction, during transmission and during reconstruction. There are ways to minimize the possibility of these accidents from happening.

Transporter accidents during construction

Although the process of making a disc image is simple, i.e. read the disc and then package the data in a standard format that can be understood by the re-construction software. In most case, though not necessary, the construction software will be the same as the re-construction software. For example, you can create a NERO image file using NERO, upload the file to an FTP site, and the file is then downloaded to create a physical disc using NERO again.

The chance of reading error can be minimized by using a good CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive. If the source disc is not physically damaged, error correction from the operating system or CD burning software can make the reading pretty reliable. When you get the message saying “Image successfully created” you probably think nothing can go wrong. But wait! There is still one big problem. What if the CD/DVD drive cannot read certain information on the disc? For example, CD+Text and CD+G.

Without going into the detail data structure of a specific format, we just want to warn you that there is hidden information on many discs that will not be read either because the software ignores it or the disc drive cannot read it. To avoid the software ignore such information, make sure to select the necessary options so that whole disc is read. For example when you use NERO to copy an audio CD, make sure to check

1, Read sectors in raw mode -> Read all sub-channel data

2. Read indexes of audio data -> Read all sub-channel data

3. Read Media Catalog Number and ISRC (slow)

Fail to do so will result in a disc image that might not represent the original disc. But even this is done you have only solved half of the problem. If your disc drive is incapable of reading sub-channel data then all these efforts are useless. To assure your disc drive can read sub-channel data, use drive probing tool such as NERO InfoTool. The picture here shows the capability of a Pioneer DVR-112D.

From the picture you can see the drive is capable of reading –Text sub-channel data. If you use this drive to create a disc image, say a NERO image, the –Text sub-channel data will be embedded into the disc image file. But from the picture you can also see the drive is incapable of writing sub-channel data. It is obvious that sub-channel data will be lost if you use the just created image to reconstruct the disc.

Transporter accidents during transmission

Once you have created a disc image, let say 650MB for a fully-loaded audio CD or 4.7GB for a fully-loaded DVD-5, your first instinct is to send this disc image file to your recipient through the Internet. But how? Sending by email as an attachment? FTP to a server?

We can pretty much rule out the email as attachment option unless the image file is within a manageable order of magnitude. Sending a 10MB file through email might be filtered by a mail server, not to mention a 650MB file. So sending through email is a feasible but impractical option. FTP seems to be a good option but it is error prone. Why? Most FTP server might time you out when you try to upload a big file. It is very normal after uploading 600MB with 10MB more to go and you get the notorious “Connection closed by client” error. Unfortunately unlike downloading the broken transfers can be resumed, a failed uploading is dead, period. Even if the whole image file is successfully uploaded, there is still a pitfall. If the image file is uploaded using ASCII mode then the reconstruction will fail for sure. By default most FTP programs use ASCII mode for file extensions that are unknown to them. Common file extension such as .exe, .zip, .rar, and .dll are known to be binary and will be uploaded in binary mode. But file extensions such as .iso, .nrg, .dmg, and .toast maybe unknown to some FTP program and will be transmitted in ASCII mode while the data itself is binary. This unintended data translation contributes to most transporter accidents.

Transporter accidents during reconstruction

Assume the recipient gets the same disc image as the sender has sent, reconstruction should be a snap right? Unfortunately that’s far from the case. The problem is more complicated then the accidents during transmission which can be easily corrected with the suggestions given later.

The causes of not being able to re-construct the same original disc can be many. The problem is complicated by the matrix of the physical disc formats and the disc image formats. For the physical disc formats we have Audio CD, CD Extra, Mixed Mode, ISO 9660, Apple HFS, Apple HFS+, DVD-ROM, DVD-Video, HD-DVD, Blu-ray, etc. For the disc image formats we have ISO, NERO, UDF, DMG, TOAST, BIN/CUE, DDP, etc.

Possible problems are:

1. The disc image file does not include all the information.

This can be hardware problem as mentioned above in the “Transporter accident during construction,” or software problem because such information is ignored.

2. The re-construction software is incapable of deciphering all the information

3. The writer is incapable of writing all the information, as shown in the previous picture that sub-channel data cannot be written for Pioneer DVR-112D.

Suggested Solutions

The only way to avoid transporter accidents during construction and re-construction is to get the right combination of hardware and software. Your disc drive has to be able to read and write sub-channcl data. Otherwise there is very high chance the disc created from the disc image will not be same as the master. Not all software is capable of reading and writing sub-channel data either. Make sure to check the datasheet when you purchase your disc burning software.

A tested and verified combination is to use Plextor 712SA as the disc drive, Gear Mastering Pro as the construction and re-construction software, and DDP file format as the disc image. In this combination, you should have the peace of mind that the destination disc will be the same as the original disc.

Solutions to Transporter accidents during transmission

We have derived a practical solution for sending a disc image. The steps are very simple but they eliminate the transporter accidents gracefully. In one statement: “Zip and Split .”

By zipping the file we assure the FTP program will upload the disc image in binary mode. By splitting the file we assure a more reliable upload. For example you might have a disc image of 600MB. By zipping it the final file size might be shrunk to 400MB. If you split the file into 10 x 40MB files and when there is an uploading error, you just need to re-upload the one or two failed file. Uploading a 40MB file is much more reliable then uploading a 400MB file.

Programs such as Winzip and WinRar allow the compressing and splitting of files. By putting all the split files into a single directory, the recipient can re-build the original image file by double-clicking on anyone of the .zip or .rar file.

Conclusions

Please don’t be deterred from using disc image as disc master for replication.

Although transporter accidents in StarTrek could be fatal and a person could die from it, transporter accident for disc imaging is normally more tolerant. You don’t even know it's there in most cases because the accident usually would not affect the main function of the disc, except in the case of CD+G. NERO image for DVD-Video is known for its alternation of the VOB file data structure. But this seldom affects the quality and functionality of the disc created. If you are sending a disc image for CD-ROM or DVD-ROM you can pretty much forget about transporter accident because the chance for discrepancy is statistically small to be neglected. You should care about transporter accident for Audio CD only when you have ISRC codes and CD-Text.

Since “zip and split” eliminates transportation accident during transmission, it is very safe to use disc image as master for your disc replication project.

About the Author

Isaac Cheung is the general manager at New Cyberian Systems, Inc. -- A disc replication plant in San Jose CA specialized in high volume CD replication, DVD replication.

i want to reformat my computer without a disc.?

i did it once before, and i didnot have a disc. tech support from dell had helped me, but i cant use tech support this time because when i called he said he couldnt help me because my warrenty expired. so i was curious, do you know how to reformat a computer with out a disc, what buttons do i press( i can not rember which F buttons to press before the windows start up screen, or if there is a combination or just one F-key. if you can help me that would be awesome) thanks in advance

If you format your computer it will be blank. If you do not have any disks you will have nothing to put on the computer

You could try ctrl F11. I was just talking to them. It didn't help me because my hardware was hosed before it got to the operating system.

The complete discription is in the link below.

Guthrie savors season's first win
Guthrie savors season's first win

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