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Rear Trailing

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Rear Trailing
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In 1934 the British Air Ministry issued a requirement for a heavy bomber as one of the steps in the British rearmament program, The new aircraft would be a cantilever monoplane of all metal construction, with advanced features for the time, such as and enclosed flight deck, retractable landing gear, trailing-edge flaps on the inboard sections of the main wings and inboard stowage of the bombs, together with turreted defensive armament. The power plant was to consist of two high-powered piston driven engines with variable pitch propellers.

The resulting design by Armstrong-Whitworth was ordered straight off the drawing board by the RAF and the first prototype, the Mk I, flew in 1936. Successive variants followed, with the Mk V being the definitive model. The original engines were replaced in the Mk III by two Merlin IV engines rated at 1030 hp at 16,000 feet that drove three-blade constant speed Rotol propellers.

One can see the genesis of the Avro Lancaster in the lines and overall design of the Whitley bomber, with the long rectangular fuselage and twin vertical tail planes. It was an amazingly modern aircraft for its time, although it quickly became outmoded by further overall design improvements in bomber design by all nations. One of its innovations was a two-speed supercharger fitted on the engines of the Mk II, the first used on an RAF operational aircraft.

When the Mk V came along, the increased power of its engines enable the designers to add increased defensive armament by adding a gun turret in the tail position which required lengthening the fuselage and better nose-position quarters for the bombardier with a flat-aiming panel. The rear gun turret was a Frazer-Nash power operated unit that featured four 0.303 (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns. Further design changes in the Mk V included straight leading edges to the two vertical tail planes to replace the original curved surfaces which gave better dynamic stability with increased airflow over the rudder surfaces, inflatable rubber boots on the mainplane leading edges for de-icing and fuel capacity was significantly increased.

Delivery of the Mk V Whitleys coincided with the time of the German invasion of the Low Countries and France. The Whitley Mk V was one the five warplane types (the others were the Hurricane and Spitfire fighters and the Bristol Blenheim and Vickers Wellington heavy bombers) that received the highest possible production priority in an attempt to boost the UK's offensive and defensive capabilities.

The Whitley Mk V was designated by the RAF as a long range night bomber. It carried a crew of five; the pilot, co-pilot, the wireless operator/navigator, the nose-gunner/bombardier and the tailgunner. Its maximum level speed was 230 mph, with a service ceiling of 26,000 feet and typical range of 1650 miles. Its length was 70 ft 6 in, wing span of 84 ft and a height of 15 feet. Empty it weighed in at 19,350 lbs and its maximum takeoff weight was 33,500 lbs.

The last Whitley Mk V was delivered in June 1943. With it's relatively low speed it was entrusted with night operations with a few notable exceptions. One such being the "thousand bomber" raid on Koln, in May of 1942, a month after the Whitley had been withdrawn from first-line service. It served out the remainder of it flying days in maritime reconnaisance and advanced bomber training.

The Whitley was never especially successful as a night bomber, but did achieve a number of notable "firsts"; one of the first to drop bombs on German proper in WW II, first British bomber over Berlin on a leaflet dropping mission and the first RAF bomber to attack Italy after its entry into the war in June 1940.

Michael Russell Your Independent guide to Aviation

Car Suspension and Its Value

If you have ridden in an old horse-drawn wagon, you know how rough and bumpy of a ride it can be and maybe you have pity on the old pioneers and their mode of travel. Today, in our modes of travel, we have vehicles with what is called ‘suspension’.

Car suspension helps our travels become smooth and comfortable. Suspension also protects our vehicles from the jolts and bumps of the road. Without suspension, our cars might vibrate into pieces. Car suspension is usually comprised of two basic components. They are springs and shock absorbers. There are also a number of different types of suspension available for both front and rear axles. The main groupings are dependent and independent suspension types.

In order to understand the working of car suspension, you must understand the parts completely.

1. Suspension – Suspension on vehicles varies from front to rear, independent and dependent. Dependent systems – With these units, the front wheel's suspension systems are physically linked. There is only one type of dependent system and this is basically a solid bar under the front of the car, kept in place by leaf springs and shock absorbers. This type of suspension is still common on trucks and hasn’t been used on mainstream cars due to the shimmy it causes, the fact this kind of suspension weighs a long and because you can’t adjust the alignment of wheels. Front suspensions that are independent came into existence in 1930 and are sometimes called the MacPherson Strut. This is most commonly used in European vehicles. Other suspension units include: Double Wishbone Suspension Systems, Coil Spring; Multi-Link Suspension, Trailing-Arm Suspension, Twin I-Bean Suspension, Transverse Leaf-Spring, Solid-Axle Coil Spring, Beam Axle, 4-Bar, and the Rear Suspension Independent.

2. Springs - Springs are a major component of a car's suspension. Springs are available in three types: coil springs, leaf springs and torsion bars. The commonly known spring is coil spring. Almost all the heavy-duty vehicles had leaf spring since 1985. They appeared as metal layers, joined to axle.

3. Shock Absorbers - Along with springs, shock absorbers also play key role in the working of suspension. A shock absorber absorbs the shock. While driving car on a rough road, it dampens the induced vertical motion. The shock absorber has two major functions to accomplish. Firstly, it absorbs the shock caused by driving on a bumpy road by stopping the transmission of shock to the car chassis. Secondly, it manages the suspension in all road conditions. It makes the vehicle well planted on road. They are also known as dampeners or velocity-sensitive hydraulic damping devices. The working of the shock absorber is well conjunct with springs. The movement of the wheel is allowed by spring. Thus, lead to conversion of energy in road shock to kinetic energy of unsprung mass. Later, damper dissipates this energy. Damper performs dissipation by forcing gas or oil through a small hole or constricted valve.

Adjustable shock absorbers are also available in the market that allows modifications in the size of constriction. Smaller the size of constriction, stiffer will be the suspension. Nowadays, car manufactures are also offering different types of suspensions for both the front and rear axles. They are categorized as dependant and independent suspension types.

When you experience a wallowing motion on undulating road surface, it could mean that the suspension of the vehicle is going through excessive wear. This calls for immediate replacement, as it would not disable the car, but would lead to accident. Replacement of old worn out suspension with a new one will lead to enhanced handling, as it will minimize from end drive while braking. It also enhances safety and security of the vehicle by controlling body sway

4. Struts - A car's front suspension is also referred to as a struts which attaches directly into the front frame near the engine compartment. And a car's rear suspension system is also known as shocks, which ride independently.

Apart from your car's tires and seats, the suspension is the prime mechanism that separates your bum from the road. It also prevents your car from shaking itself to pieces.

About the Author

Greg Chapman of Greg Chapman Motors is a knowledgable and leading provider of used cars, trucks, and SUV’s. Since 1959, Chapman motors has supplied reliable used cars in Austin and the surrounding area. For more information please visit http://www.gregchapmanmotors.com.

What's the pupose of the rear vent on cars?

-I don't see it as much as I used to, but so many vehicles have some sort of vent or louvre at the trailing edge of the rear window.
I'm talking about the outside of the car/van. Is it for ventilation?

This is an air spoiler and it's for aerodynamic benefit.

F1 rivals shocked as Red Bulls charge away
Red Bull team boss Christian Horner told Mark Webber simply to enjoy his car's pace and performance in Saturday's 2010 Spanish GP qualifying and the Australian did exactly that.

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