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When testing electrical equipment, the purpose is to put a numerical value on the machine's output by using a specific measuring tool. There is usually a standard, and a test will tell the person measuring whether the equipment is meeting those standards or not. They often determine whether something has met the standards of safety. Different types of power meters are used to test a number of different types of devices. They can measure sound and light, earth leakage, earth resistance, phase rotation, batteries and insulation, among others. Test meters are used both for routine maintenance and for diagnostic purposes when there is an equipment problem. They are also used in testing for installation or disconnection of machinery or services.

Sound and Light

The most common uses for sound and light testing equipment is for sound systems in theatres and auditoriums. It measures output in speakers and lighting sets. Light meters can check spectral sensitivity, and many have a calibration mode.

Earth Leakage

An earth leakage detector tests for any leakage of power from cables. A popular innovation in this type of testing equipment is the digital earth leakage tester. For those who prefer, the analog models are still available.

Earth Resistance

An earth resistance tester evaluates resistance of conduit and conductors for small earthing systems, such as lightning conductors. They typically measure in ohms and can feature either analog or digital meters. Some are capable of measuring earth voltage.

Phase Rotation

A phase rotation tester is mostly used for installation of pump stations and conveyor lines. It can indicate the different phases of a motor, as well.

Batteries

Batteries provide power to nearly any type of machinery imaginable. When the equipment will not start, the battery is often the culprit. It may need to be charged or replaced altogether. Checking the volts and amps will measure the output. A battery and electrical system tester will quickly determine whether there is a power source problem or if the person running the test should look elsewhere for a reason the machinery is not working.

Insulation

Insulation testers are used to measure insulation resistance on transformers, power switches, cables, electrical motors and similar items. They can test the integrity of electrical cabling, for example. There are several different types of available, including digital insulation testers and analog insulation testers. Some models allow the user to set the level of volts before performing the test.

Author writes about a variety of topics. If you would like to learn more about Power meters, visit http://www.hoytmeter.com/.

Consumer's Guide To Bathroom Taps

This article explains the key questions that you should consider when purchasing new taps for your bathroom. The information is aimed at consumers in the United Kingdom.

Question 1: Whats the tap made of ?

Taps can be made from a range of materials of varying quality and cost.

A general rule of thumb is that the heavier the tap the better the quality of materials used!

Plastic

Plastic taps are very cheap and very low quality. They are very light and are offered in a variety of colours. Plastic taps cannot be recommended for bathroom use because of their poor performance and short expected operational life.

Standard Brass ABS/Mazac

Standard brass is regularly used to manufacture the bodies of mid-priced, medium quality taps.

Many tap components (such as handles) can be made from ABS (plastic) or an alternative material sometimes referred to as Mazac (Pot Metal). These are cheaper than using brass, and whilst the quality is regularly very good, brass offers a better finish and lasts longer.

Standard brass taps are suitable for bathroom use, with or without ABS or Mazac components.

DZR Brass

Whilst, standard brass has gained complete acceptance in many facets of the water distribution industry, in certain circumstances when exposed to particular combinations of pH and concentrations of chlorides, they can experience a serious form of corrosion known as dezincification.

The answer to this is a dezincification resistant alloy, normally referred to as DZR brass.

This is the Rolls Royce material for taps and the highest quality product will be made from DZR brass without any ABS or Mazac components

Question 2: Will the taps work with your system pressure ?

First the good news, if you have a combi-boiler or un-vented hot water system then you dont need to fret about pressure, both high pressure and low pressure taps will work well with your system.

However, if you have a traditional gravity fed system, with a cold water storage tank in the attic, and a hot water cylinder then you will want to be more cautious.

Firstly you want to work out how much water pressure you have:

Calculate the distance, in meters, from the bottom of the cold water storage tank, to the outlet of the tap and multiply by 0.1 to give you the pressure in bar:

e.g. 1.1 Meters x 0.1 = 0.11 bar
2.5 Meters x 0.1 = 0.25 bar

If you want a bath/shower mixer with a showering handset, then you must determine the distance from the foot of the cold water storage tank to the height at which the handset will be used, not the height of the tap, or the handset when it rests in the support.

You also need to be aware that elongated pipe work runs rapidly use up any pressure inside a system, so if your taps are a long way from the cold storage tank then you will want to lessen the calculated pressure to take account of this.

Once you have a good idea of your water pressure then you need to verify that whatever taps you are looking to buy will work at that pressure.

As a rule of thumb many designer taps come from Europe where the water systems have superior pressure than in the UK and these taps wont work if you have very low pressure.

Designer taps made specifically to work on low pressure systems are normally more expensive and the retailer will highlight the fact that the taps are suitable for low pressure systems. If it doesn't say specifically that the taps will work with low pressure then assume the worst and don't buy without asking the retailer to verify the pressure requirements.

Question 3: What is the operating mechanism of the tap ?

Ceramic disc and spindle refer to the two alternative ways that the inner mechanism of a tap can operate.

Ceramic disc technology is usually used on more costly taps, as they function better and last longer. When the lever is turned, two ceramic discs are parted opening the valve and allowing the water to pour.

The traditional spindle design is commonly used on inferior quality, cheaper tap designs. The tap has a spindle through the core, with the valve seat attached via a screw thread. A standard tap washer is fixed to the end of the valve seat. As the knob is turned the spindle rotates and the screw thread moves the valve seat up and down to adjust the flow of water

Ceramic Disc Taps
Benefits
Drip free never change another tap washer again !
Long Life should never need to be replaced under regular use
Simple to Operate only a quarter turn is required to go from full on to off
Variety of styles works with modern lever designs and round handles

Draw Backs
Inferior flow rates - Unsuitable for very low pressure systems

Spindle Taps
Advantages
Superior flow rates suitable for most systems, high or low pressure

Draw Backs
Hard to operate - handle has to be turned many times from off to full on
Higher maintenance - washers will need replacing often
Less choice of style - cannot be used with modern lever designs

There are two key things to consider.

1. Unless you have a very low pressure system or are looking for the lowest feasible price then it is best to go for ceramic disc taps.

2. When comparing tap prices always ensure that both taps use the same mechanism. They may look the same, but if one is ceramic disc and one uses a spindle then the cheapest tap may actually be the worst value!

Question 4: How will the taps connect to your system?

Mono Basin & Bidet mixers are attached to the water supply by connectors, sometimes referred to tap tails. These come in two types, flexible and rigid and the purchaser normally doesn't get any option within a range of taps.

Both types join directly to normal 15mm copper pipe work.The tap manufacturer usually decides what type of connectors each range of tap he makes will have.

Which kind is most suitable for you depends on where the taps are being installed and who is doing the installation.

Flexible Connectors

Best for DIY Installers: You dont require any plumbing skills, the bendable hose will simply trasnsform into whatever shape is necessary and the connection is made easily by tightening the compression nut with a wrench.

Best for small spaces with difficult access. The flexible hose allows connections in places that would be almost impossible to get into with rigid pipe work.

Rigid Connectors

Best for professional installers: The rigid connectors become part of the sturdy copper pipe run that connects the supply to the tap. The connections are made with capillary fittings, lead free solder and a blow torch. The end product looks neater, lasts longer and is much less prone to leaks.

Best for more open spaces with simple access. Even the most professional installer will want a large enough space to bend and fit the copper pipe run from the supply. If the space is too compact then flexible connectors may be the only viable option.

Question 5: Does the Tap meet the necessary Bylaws and/or Standards ?

British Standards

The first thing that confuses many people is that British Standards for taps are not quality guarantees. They just state certain things that a tap meeting with the standard should do. There is also no requirement that any product is tested by a third party to verify it actually meets the standard, so an assertion that a product meets BS5412 is only as reliable as the business making the claim !

The British Standards signify the minimum that a tap should meet to perform a particular application.

The key British Standards applied to taps are:

BS5412
The specification for low-resistance single taps and combination tap assemblies.

BS1010
The Specification for draw-off taps and stop-valves for water services

There is no British Standard at all for Ceramic Disc taps. So the very fact that somebody quotes that the tap complies with BS5412 or BS1010 lets you know that it is an inferior design spindle tap!

Water Bylaws

All products attached to the UK drinking water supply must be compliant to the UK Water Bylaws. There are independent testing and certification schemes in place to establish conformity, however these are not mandatory in the UK.

The expense of outside certification is high and many top brand tap manufacturers decide not to pay for certification. Any taps that have KIWA or WRAS approval have been tested for compliance and should be of a good quality, but all taps installed in the UK, must by law comply with the Water Bylaws.

About the Author

James Hickman is the owner and managing director of www.plumbworld.co.uk the UK's largest independent online retailer of bathroom and plumbing products and editor of www.plumbingpages.com the UK's largest plumbing information site.

Having problems bleeding brakes on 78 Harley Shovel. Dual Disc Front brakes. ?

I pump it up and hold it to release at valve. I get clean fluid without air, but still no pressure on the disks, after closing valve and releasing brake.

1. Make sure your "pistons are pushed back into your caliper as far as they will go.
2. Get a "big" syringe(no needle) from your local pharmacist and about four inches of rubber fuel line that fits over the end snugly and will also fit over your bleeder nipple!
3. Open your brake reservoir and suck up as much fluid as will fit in your syringe! Break your nipple and "pump the fluid "BACKWARDS" up the line until you see no bubbles escaping into the reservoir!
4. Repeat on the other side which will force any air UP your line and your problem should be fixed!

Steam for Mac Guide
Everything you need to know about Valve's Apple-friendly game client.

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